Wonderful World of the Caldecott Awards
"Children’s literature" provides a large range of materials to study, and the sheer volume of materials available may leave a person to struggle with the question of where to begin. One of the best places to begin, in my opinion, is with the books chosen as the best in children’s literature. If you are interested in picture books, this would be the Caldecott Award Winners, which have been chosen every year since 1938.
The bibliography that follows contains three major sections. The first section will be my bibliography of the books that have been chosen as Caldecott Award winners from 1938-the present. The second is a narrative which includes short biographies of Randolph Caldecott (the award’s namesake) and Frederick Melcher (the original sponsor of the award); a brief history of the award and the medal; and information on the criteria and selection process used to choose the yearly winner. The final section will be a listing of all the works which I consulted in preparing this paper.
As I have been perusing each of the books, I have hoped to find some patterns within the books in an attempt to discover certain trends in what makes these picture books "the best." What I have found consistent is the great imagination to be found in these books. I have also been impressed with how many of the books embrace multicultural ideas. Leo and Diane Dillon, who won the Caldecott award two years in a row, are great examples of the multicultural tendency of these books. I hope that this bibliography will encourage the reader to explore these books and discover the trends for themselves, since I am convinced that different readers will recognize different things that they admire in these books, as with any other books.
The bibliography that follows contains three major sections. The first section will be my bibliography of the books that have been chosen as Caldecott Award winners from 1938-the present. The second is a narrative which includes short biographies of Randolph Caldecott (the award’s namesake) and Frederick Melcher (the original sponsor of the award); a brief history of the award and the medal; and information on the criteria and selection process used to choose the yearly winner. The final section will be a listing of all the works which I consulted in preparing this paper.
As I have been perusing each of the books, I have hoped to find some patterns within the books in an attempt to discover certain trends in what makes these picture books "the best." What I have found consistent is the great imagination to be found in these books. I have also been impressed with how many of the books embrace multicultural ideas. Leo and Diane Dillon, who won the Caldecott award two years in a row, are great examples of the multicultural tendency of these books. I hope that this bibliography will encourage the reader to explore these books and discover the trends for themselves, since I am convinced that different readers will recognize different things that they admire in these books, as with any other books.
The Bibliographies
For ease of printing, the following buttons are links to Word files with the bibliographies divided by Decade.
Biographies
Randolph Caldecott
Randolph Caldecott was born in Chester, in Cheshire, England on March 22, 1846 as the son of a hatter. Although he had contracted rheumatic fever as a young child, he was the head of his class in school and enjoyed wandering through the countryside sketching the birds and animals that he saw. When he graduated, he took a job as a bank clerk in Whitchurch, Shropshire. He lived in the country and spent most of his spare time sketching, just as he did in his youth. Although his activities seem as though they would lend to him being a loner, Caldecott was in fact a great favorite among friends and acquaintances. (Carus 144)
In 1857, Caldecott moved to Manchester where he obtained a job in Salford Bank. While living here, Caldecott began taking art classes in the evenings after work, and he was accepted in tot he artistic circles of the city. In 1870, Caldecott visited London and was introduced to the editor of Punch. Two years later, Caldecott left Manchester for London because he had sold a few oil and water color paintings. (Carus 147)
Punch, a popular British magazine of the time, accepted his first drawing in 1872, beginning a new career for Caldecott as a sketch artist. He went on to sketch several members of the English government. He also studies sculpture in exchange for English lessons. (Carus 148) From this, Caldecott moved into illustrating books for Henry Blackburn. When James Cooper asked him in 1874 to illustrate Washington Irving’s Sketch Book, Caldecott’s career ass a book illustrator really began in earnest.
Edmund Evans, the famous wood engraver, approached Caldecott with a proposal that he choose some picture books to illustrate and have printed in color in 1878. The first two that Caldecott chose were The House that Jack Built and John Gilpin. He went on to write sixteen picture books, the most famous of which include Hey, Diddle, Diddle, The Queen of Hearts and Sing a Song of Sixpence. (Carus 150)
In 1880, Caldecott married Marian Brind, with whom he often traveled between London, France and Italy. Taking a commission from the Graphic, Caldecott and his wife traveled to the United States in 1885 to record American life in words and pictures. However, during his trip, he fell seriously ill. In St. Augustine, Florida, on February 13, 1886, he died at the age of 39.
In 1857, Caldecott moved to Manchester where he obtained a job in Salford Bank. While living here, Caldecott began taking art classes in the evenings after work, and he was accepted in tot he artistic circles of the city. In 1870, Caldecott visited London and was introduced to the editor of Punch. Two years later, Caldecott left Manchester for London because he had sold a few oil and water color paintings. (Carus 147)
Punch, a popular British magazine of the time, accepted his first drawing in 1872, beginning a new career for Caldecott as a sketch artist. He went on to sketch several members of the English government. He also studies sculpture in exchange for English lessons. (Carus 148) From this, Caldecott moved into illustrating books for Henry Blackburn. When James Cooper asked him in 1874 to illustrate Washington Irving’s Sketch Book, Caldecott’s career ass a book illustrator really began in earnest.
Edmund Evans, the famous wood engraver, approached Caldecott with a proposal that he choose some picture books to illustrate and have printed in color in 1878. The first two that Caldecott chose were The House that Jack Built and John Gilpin. He went on to write sixteen picture books, the most famous of which include Hey, Diddle, Diddle, The Queen of Hearts and Sing a Song of Sixpence. (Carus 150)
In 1880, Caldecott married Marian Brind, with whom he often traveled between London, France and Italy. Taking a commission from the Graphic, Caldecott and his wife traveled to the United States in 1885 to record American life in words and pictures. However, during his trip, he fell seriously ill. In St. Augustine, Florida, on February 13, 1886, he died at the age of 39.
Frederick G. Melcher
During the 1920’s, special attention was drawn to the field of children’s literature when special courses for training as children’s librarians began to be offered, and special sections in libraries and bookstores were being set aside for children’s literature. It was during this time that Frederic Melcher served as the president of R. R. Bowker Company and coeditor of the Publisher’s Weekly.
Frederic Gershom Melcher, born in Malden, Massachusetts, on April 12, 1879,. To Edwin Forrest and Alice Bartlett Melcher, spent his years at Newton High School in preparation to attend the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but by the time he graduated in 1895, he had decided not to become a chemist or engineer, inclining instead toward a career in the book business. (Smith 14) Thus, at the age of 16, he acquired his first job—dusting books in the bookstore of Estes and Lauriat.
In 1910, Frederic Melcher married Marguerite Fellows. Two years later, he became the president of the Boston Bookseller’s League. However, in March of 1913, he and his family moved to Indianapolis where he accepted a five-year position in W. K. Stewart’s bookstore. He used his position in Indianapolis to increase the awareness of children’s literature by setting up displays of children’s books in their own room of his bookstore. (Miller 3) May of 1918 saw the Melcher family return to Boston where Frederic Melcher became coeditor of R. R. Bowker’s Publisher’s Weekly. (Smith 15)
In the course of his career, Frederic Melcher became well-loved by all in the business of books—publishers, booksellers, and librarians alike. According to an article in the Journal of Youth Services in Libraries, Lillian N. Gerhardt proclaims F. G. M. (as she calls him) as a model employer with many stories told by the employees at R. R. Bowker who had the opportunity of working with him during his time as president of that company. She tells in her article about Melcher’s custom of inviting groups of junior staff to luncheons, remembering their conversations and sending clippings of special interests to them later, and it seemed to be effortless. (Gerhardt 141)
As a member of the American Library Association (ALA), he helped to organize and establish the National Children’s Book Week in 1919. On this project, he was joined by Franklin K. Mathiews, the librarian of the Boy Scouts of America, and Anne Carroll Moore, from the New York Public Library. This annual event is now observed nationwide through school reading contests, window displays, and author visits to public libraries and schools. (Marcus 66)
At the 1921 American Library Association convention at Swampscott, Frederic Melcher spoke at the first meeting as chairman of the two national observances of the Children’s Book Week. During the conference, he observed the rising enthusiasm of the audience as they discussed the rising awareness of children’s literature in the bookstores and libraries across the country. As a result of this observation, he asked the chairman of the Children’s Library section, Alice Hazeltime, if he could speak at the afternoon business session to propose and idea. This proposition was that of an annual award for a distinguished children’s book. He offered to provide the medal, named in honor of John Newbery, the eighteenth century bookseller who first published books for the amusement of children. Thus the Newbery Award for excellence in children’s literature was created.
Fifteen years later, he proposed a second award, this one for excellence in picture books, to be named after Randolph Caldecott, the nineteenth century illustrator who is credited with creating the picture-book genre. It is this award that this project is most interested in.
Frederic G. Melcher was a great figure in the recognition of children’s literature until his death in 1963. His son Daniel and grandson Frederic G. Melcher III have carried on his tradition of sponsoring the Newbery and Caldecott medals every year, a legacy much appreciated by those in the field of children’s literature.
Frederic Gershom Melcher, born in Malden, Massachusetts, on April 12, 1879,. To Edwin Forrest and Alice Bartlett Melcher, spent his years at Newton High School in preparation to attend the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but by the time he graduated in 1895, he had decided not to become a chemist or engineer, inclining instead toward a career in the book business. (Smith 14) Thus, at the age of 16, he acquired his first job—dusting books in the bookstore of Estes and Lauriat.
In 1910, Frederic Melcher married Marguerite Fellows. Two years later, he became the president of the Boston Bookseller’s League. However, in March of 1913, he and his family moved to Indianapolis where he accepted a five-year position in W. K. Stewart’s bookstore. He used his position in Indianapolis to increase the awareness of children’s literature by setting up displays of children’s books in their own room of his bookstore. (Miller 3) May of 1918 saw the Melcher family return to Boston where Frederic Melcher became coeditor of R. R. Bowker’s Publisher’s Weekly. (Smith 15)
In the course of his career, Frederic Melcher became well-loved by all in the business of books—publishers, booksellers, and librarians alike. According to an article in the Journal of Youth Services in Libraries, Lillian N. Gerhardt proclaims F. G. M. (as she calls him) as a model employer with many stories told by the employees at R. R. Bowker who had the opportunity of working with him during his time as president of that company. She tells in her article about Melcher’s custom of inviting groups of junior staff to luncheons, remembering their conversations and sending clippings of special interests to them later, and it seemed to be effortless. (Gerhardt 141)
As a member of the American Library Association (ALA), he helped to organize and establish the National Children’s Book Week in 1919. On this project, he was joined by Franklin K. Mathiews, the librarian of the Boy Scouts of America, and Anne Carroll Moore, from the New York Public Library. This annual event is now observed nationwide through school reading contests, window displays, and author visits to public libraries and schools. (Marcus 66)
At the 1921 American Library Association convention at Swampscott, Frederic Melcher spoke at the first meeting as chairman of the two national observances of the Children’s Book Week. During the conference, he observed the rising enthusiasm of the audience as they discussed the rising awareness of children’s literature in the bookstores and libraries across the country. As a result of this observation, he asked the chairman of the Children’s Library section, Alice Hazeltime, if he could speak at the afternoon business session to propose and idea. This proposition was that of an annual award for a distinguished children’s book. He offered to provide the medal, named in honor of John Newbery, the eighteenth century bookseller who first published books for the amusement of children. Thus the Newbery Award for excellence in children’s literature was created.
Fifteen years later, he proposed a second award, this one for excellence in picture books, to be named after Randolph Caldecott, the nineteenth century illustrator who is credited with creating the picture-book genre. It is this award that this project is most interested in.
Frederic G. Melcher was a great figure in the recognition of children’s literature until his death in 1963. His son Daniel and grandson Frederic G. Melcher III have carried on his tradition of sponsoring the Newbery and Caldecott medals every year, a legacy much appreciated by those in the field of children’s literature.
History and Process of the Award
In 1937, Frederic Melcher suggested his second award for children’s literature to the executive director of the American Library Association. This award commends illustrators for their exceptional work in picture books and is named after Randolph Caldecott, who used his illustrations to interpret the text, which he illustrated. The idea for this award came about because many outstanding picture-book artists were surfacing in the 1930s and many people thought these books were not getting the recognition they deserved from the Newbery award process. (Smith 65) Thus, in 1938, the first Caldecott Medal was awarded to Dorothy P. Lathrop for her picture book Animals of the Bible.
For the first several years, the same committee voted on both the Newbery and Caldecott award winners. The voting process had become more regular since the first Newbery vote, and this was a great benefit to the Caldecott selection process. However, choosing the Caldecott books included an early debate on distinguishing true "picture books" from illustrated text. Melcher helped to clear this up by insisting that in a picture book, the "dominant feature must be the work of the artist." (Smith 66-7)
Caldecott Medal
Frederic Melcher commissioned Rene Paul Chambellan to design the medal. By this time, Chambellan’s accomplishments included the low-relief sculpture in Rockefeller Center in addition to the Newbery medal and the sculptures on the Russell Sage Foundation building.
Melcher gave the sculptor a set of Caldecott’s books so that he could fully understand the style of the medal’s namesake. The result was two of Caldecott’s illustrations being placed on the medal itself. The front of the medal has a picture of John Gilpin’s ride, framed with the name of the medal, and the reverse shows Caldecott’s depiction of the "four and twenty blackbirds baked in a pie" from Sing a Song of Sixpence. The inscription on the back of the bronze medal reads: "For the Most Distinguished American Picture Book for Children Awarded Annually by the Children’s and School Librarian’s Section of the American Library Association." A paper replica of this award appears on the book jackets of the winning books each year. The winner imprint is bronze, and the honor books sport a silver imprint.
Award Criteria
The Caldecott medal is awarded each year to "the artist of the most distinguished American Picture Book for Children published in the United States during the preceding year. The award shall go to the artist, who must be a citizen of the United States, whether or not he be the author of the text." (Peltola 153) The terms of the Caldecott award can be located today on the American Library Association website (http://www.ala.org/). The committee members should consider the following six items in determining excellence: interpretation of the theme or concept, presentation of accuracy, clarity and organization of information, development of plot, delineation of characters, delineation of setting and appropriateness of style. An important definition regarding this award is that of "a picture book for children." The Newbery and Caldecott Mock Election Kit quotes the ALA criteria document with the following definition:
A "picture book for children," as distinguished from other books with illustrations, is one that essentially provides the child with a visual experience. A picture book has a collective unity of storyline, theme or concept, developed through the series of pictures of which the book is composed.
A "picture book for children" is one for which children are a potential audience. The book displays respect for children’s understandings, abilities and appreciations. Children are defined as persons of ages up to and including fourteen, and picture books for this entire age range are to be considered. (35)
The total number of eligible books for the 1998 Caldecott award were the 629 books published in the United States with American illustrators. However, the actual number of books considered by the committee is unavailable due to the confidentiality imposed by the American Library Association. (John Stewig phone interview)
The Selection Process
As mentioned before, the award winners are voted on in committees. The same award committee, as previously mentioned, chose the winners for both the Caldecott and Newbery medals until 1981, when the award committee was split into two: one for each award. Also, before 1976, the committee was chosen during the summer of the year they were to judge. (Peltola 156) The committees are now chosen a year before their jury appointment. For example, the 1999 awards committee was chosen during 1997 because they will be judging the books published during 1998.
Before 1958, it was decided that a candidate could win the award more than once without needing a unanimous decision by the committee for the later awards. Before 1977 it was impossible for a book to be considered for both the Newbery and Caldecott awards. (Peltola 157) Although a book can now be considered for both awards, there has yet to be a book that wins both awards.
Committees. Today the award committees are each made up of 15 members: seven members and the chairperson are elected by members of the ALSC, and the remaining seven members are appointed by the elected chairperson with the goal of "geographic and background diversity." (Peltola 153) Throughout the year, the committee members can suggest books to be reviewed based upon the titles that they themselves have read. At the committee meetings, each committee member can nominate three books to be considered. Thus, in the course of the year, each committee member can nominate six books. If each committee member chooses a different six books, then up to 90 books may be considered each year in the final committee meeting during which the awards are chosen.
After choosing the winning book, the committee then decides whether or not to name Honor Books. These Honor Books used to be called the runners up, but the terminology was changed in 1971 to reflect the practice of voting which insisted that each book be voted on independently of the others. To illustrate this further, if the committee agrees to elect Honor Books, they then vote on how many they wish to elect. If say, the committee decides to elect three Honor Books, they turn again to all of the books considered, but not chosen, for the award and begin the discussion and voting process all over again. Once they have chosen the first Honor Book, the process begins again for the second, and so on until all Honor Books have been chosen. (Stewig interview) Therefore, being chosen as an Honor Award recipient is indeed an honor in and of itself; it is not just merely "coming in second."
Voting. When the list of books has been sufficiently narrowed to allow a vote, the ballots are cast. Each committee member votes for three books, listed in order of preference. Points are assigned to each place vote as follows: 4 points for a first place vote, 3 points for a second place vote, and 2 points for a third place vote. To win, a book must receive at least eight of fifteen first place votes, and have at least an eight point lead over the second place book. (ALSC 20) This point system helps to ensure that any book that receives several third-place votes does not win over one which receives only first or second-place votes, but fewer votes.
For the first several years, the same committee voted on both the Newbery and Caldecott award winners. The voting process had become more regular since the first Newbery vote, and this was a great benefit to the Caldecott selection process. However, choosing the Caldecott books included an early debate on distinguishing true "picture books" from illustrated text. Melcher helped to clear this up by insisting that in a picture book, the "dominant feature must be the work of the artist." (Smith 66-7)
Caldecott Medal
Frederic Melcher commissioned Rene Paul Chambellan to design the medal. By this time, Chambellan’s accomplishments included the low-relief sculpture in Rockefeller Center in addition to the Newbery medal and the sculptures on the Russell Sage Foundation building.
Melcher gave the sculptor a set of Caldecott’s books so that he could fully understand the style of the medal’s namesake. The result was two of Caldecott’s illustrations being placed on the medal itself. The front of the medal has a picture of John Gilpin’s ride, framed with the name of the medal, and the reverse shows Caldecott’s depiction of the "four and twenty blackbirds baked in a pie" from Sing a Song of Sixpence. The inscription on the back of the bronze medal reads: "For the Most Distinguished American Picture Book for Children Awarded Annually by the Children’s and School Librarian’s Section of the American Library Association." A paper replica of this award appears on the book jackets of the winning books each year. The winner imprint is bronze, and the honor books sport a silver imprint.
Award Criteria
The Caldecott medal is awarded each year to "the artist of the most distinguished American Picture Book for Children published in the United States during the preceding year. The award shall go to the artist, who must be a citizen of the United States, whether or not he be the author of the text." (Peltola 153) The terms of the Caldecott award can be located today on the American Library Association website (http://www.ala.org/). The committee members should consider the following six items in determining excellence: interpretation of the theme or concept, presentation of accuracy, clarity and organization of information, development of plot, delineation of characters, delineation of setting and appropriateness of style. An important definition regarding this award is that of "a picture book for children." The Newbery and Caldecott Mock Election Kit quotes the ALA criteria document with the following definition:
A "picture book for children," as distinguished from other books with illustrations, is one that essentially provides the child with a visual experience. A picture book has a collective unity of storyline, theme or concept, developed through the series of pictures of which the book is composed.
A "picture book for children" is one for which children are a potential audience. The book displays respect for children’s understandings, abilities and appreciations. Children are defined as persons of ages up to and including fourteen, and picture books for this entire age range are to be considered. (35)
The total number of eligible books for the 1998 Caldecott award were the 629 books published in the United States with American illustrators. However, the actual number of books considered by the committee is unavailable due to the confidentiality imposed by the American Library Association. (John Stewig phone interview)
The Selection Process
As mentioned before, the award winners are voted on in committees. The same award committee, as previously mentioned, chose the winners for both the Caldecott and Newbery medals until 1981, when the award committee was split into two: one for each award. Also, before 1976, the committee was chosen during the summer of the year they were to judge. (Peltola 156) The committees are now chosen a year before their jury appointment. For example, the 1999 awards committee was chosen during 1997 because they will be judging the books published during 1998.
Before 1958, it was decided that a candidate could win the award more than once without needing a unanimous decision by the committee for the later awards. Before 1977 it was impossible for a book to be considered for both the Newbery and Caldecott awards. (Peltola 157) Although a book can now be considered for both awards, there has yet to be a book that wins both awards.
Committees. Today the award committees are each made up of 15 members: seven members and the chairperson are elected by members of the ALSC, and the remaining seven members are appointed by the elected chairperson with the goal of "geographic and background diversity." (Peltola 153) Throughout the year, the committee members can suggest books to be reviewed based upon the titles that they themselves have read. At the committee meetings, each committee member can nominate three books to be considered. Thus, in the course of the year, each committee member can nominate six books. If each committee member chooses a different six books, then up to 90 books may be considered each year in the final committee meeting during which the awards are chosen.
After choosing the winning book, the committee then decides whether or not to name Honor Books. These Honor Books used to be called the runners up, but the terminology was changed in 1971 to reflect the practice of voting which insisted that each book be voted on independently of the others. To illustrate this further, if the committee agrees to elect Honor Books, they then vote on how many they wish to elect. If say, the committee decides to elect three Honor Books, they turn again to all of the books considered, but not chosen, for the award and begin the discussion and voting process all over again. Once they have chosen the first Honor Book, the process begins again for the second, and so on until all Honor Books have been chosen. (Stewig interview) Therefore, being chosen as an Honor Award recipient is indeed an honor in and of itself; it is not just merely "coming in second."
Voting. When the list of books has been sufficiently narrowed to allow a vote, the ballots are cast. Each committee member votes for three books, listed in order of preference. Points are assigned to each place vote as follows: 4 points for a first place vote, 3 points for a second place vote, and 2 points for a third place vote. To win, a book must receive at least eight of fifteen first place votes, and have at least an eight point lead over the second place book. (ALSC 20) This point system helps to ensure that any book that receives several third-place votes does not win over one which receives only first or second-place votes, but fewer votes.
Bibliography
Association for Library Service to Children. The Newbery and Caldecott Mock Election Kit.
Chicago: American Library Association, 1994.
Behrmann, Christine. "The Media Used in Caldecott Picture Books: Notes Toward a Definitive List." Journal of Youth Services in Libraries: (1988 Winter), 198-212.
Brodie, Carolyn S. "Caldecott Comments." School Library Media Activities Monthly: 13 (1996 Nov), 44-46.
Callaghan, Linda Ward. "Caldecott Citations: A Selective Bibliography." Journal of Youth Services in Libraries: (1988 Winter), 160-167.
Carus, Marianne. "Randolph Caldecott, Father of the Modern Picture Book." Journal of Youth Services in Libraries: (1988 Winter), 143-151.
Fiore, Carole D. "Life on the Caldecott Committee." Wilson Library Bulletin: 68 (1993 Dec), 43-45.
Gates, Frieda. How to Write, Illustrate, and Design Children’s Books. Monsey, New York: Lloyd-Simone Publishing Company, 1986.
Gerhardt, Lillian N. "F. G. M." Journal of Youth Services in Libraries: (1988 Winter), 139-142.
Green, Ellin. "Randolph Caldecott’s Picture Books: The Invention of a Genre." Touchstones: Reflections on the Best in Children’s Literature vol. 3 West Lafayette, Indiana: Children’s Literature Association, 1989. 38-45.
Immroth, Barbara Froling. "The Newbery and Caldecott Awards." Texas Libraries: 50 (1989 Spring), 3-7.
Kingman, Lee, ed. Newbery and Caldecott Medal Books: 1956-1965. Boston: Horn Book, Inc., 1965.
Kingman, Lee, ed. Newbery and Caldecott Medal Books: 1966-1975 Boston: Horn Book, Inc., 1975.
Lacy, Lyn Ellen. Art and Design in Children’s Picture Books: An Analysis of Caldecott Award-Winning Illustrations Chicago: American Library Association, 1986.
Marcus, Leonard S. "Frederic G. Melcher (1879-1963)." Publisher’s Weekly: 244:31 (1997 July), 66.
Miller, Bertha Mahony. "Frederic G. Melcher—A Twentieth Century John Newbery." Newbery Medal Books: 1922-1955 Boston: Horn Book, Inc., 1955, 1-5.
The Newbery and Caldecott Awards. Chicago: American Library Association, 1995.
Peltola, Bette J. "Choosing the Caldecott Medal Winners." Journal of Youth Services in Libraries: (1988 Winter), 153-159.
Sendak, Maurice. Caldecott & Co. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988.
Smith, Irene. A History of the Newbery and Caldecott Medals. New York: Viking Press, 1957.
Behrmann, Christine. "The Media Used in Caldecott Picture Books: Notes Toward a Definitive List." Journal of Youth Services in Libraries: (1988 Winter), 198-212.
Brodie, Carolyn S. "Caldecott Comments." School Library Media Activities Monthly: 13 (1996 Nov), 44-46.
Callaghan, Linda Ward. "Caldecott Citations: A Selective Bibliography." Journal of Youth Services in Libraries: (1988 Winter), 160-167.
Carus, Marianne. "Randolph Caldecott, Father of the Modern Picture Book." Journal of Youth Services in Libraries: (1988 Winter), 143-151.
Fiore, Carole D. "Life on the Caldecott Committee." Wilson Library Bulletin: 68 (1993 Dec), 43-45.
Gates, Frieda. How to Write, Illustrate, and Design Children’s Books. Monsey, New York: Lloyd-Simone Publishing Company, 1986.
Gerhardt, Lillian N. "F. G. M." Journal of Youth Services in Libraries: (1988 Winter), 139-142.
Green, Ellin. "Randolph Caldecott’s Picture Books: The Invention of a Genre." Touchstones: Reflections on the Best in Children’s Literature vol. 3 West Lafayette, Indiana: Children’s Literature Association, 1989. 38-45.
Immroth, Barbara Froling. "The Newbery and Caldecott Awards." Texas Libraries: 50 (1989 Spring), 3-7.
Kingman, Lee, ed. Newbery and Caldecott Medal Books: 1956-1965. Boston: Horn Book, Inc., 1965.
Kingman, Lee, ed. Newbery and Caldecott Medal Books: 1966-1975 Boston: Horn Book, Inc., 1975.
Lacy, Lyn Ellen. Art and Design in Children’s Picture Books: An Analysis of Caldecott Award-Winning Illustrations Chicago: American Library Association, 1986.
Marcus, Leonard S. "Frederic G. Melcher (1879-1963)." Publisher’s Weekly: 244:31 (1997 July), 66.
Miller, Bertha Mahony. "Frederic G. Melcher—A Twentieth Century John Newbery." Newbery Medal Books: 1922-1955 Boston: Horn Book, Inc., 1955, 1-5.
The Newbery and Caldecott Awards. Chicago: American Library Association, 1995.
Peltola, Bette J. "Choosing the Caldecott Medal Winners." Journal of Youth Services in Libraries: (1988 Winter), 153-159.
Sendak, Maurice. Caldecott & Co. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988.
Smith, Irene. A History of the Newbery and Caldecott Medals. New York: Viking Press, 1957.
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